The Bagne of Toulon was the notorious prison in Toulon, France, made famous as the place of imprisonment of the fictional Jean Valjean, the hero of Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. It was opened in 1748 and closed in 1873.The bagne was created by an ordinance of King Louis XV on September 27, 1748 to house the convicts who had previously been sentenced to row the galleys of the French Mediterranean fleet. The decree stated, in article 11, "All the galleys in the port will be disarmed, and the chiourmes will be kept on land in the bagnes, guarded halls, or other places which will be designated for their confinement." The name 'bagne' came from the Italian word bagno , or "bath", the name of a prison in Rome which had formerly been a Roman bath.Other authors point to a prison in Livorno.
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