LYNDON

Large parts of the Veluwe consist of moraines, which were created about 150,000 years ago in the penultimate ice age (Saalien). Prior to the ice cover, large rivers (including the Rhine and the Meuse) had deposited thick layers of sand and gravel there. When the ice in the Saalien advanced to this part of the Netherlands, these river deposits were pushed up in high moraines, such as in the Veluwe.
In the last ice age (Weichselien) the glaciers did not reach the Netherlands, but the soil was permanently frozen (permafrost). Due to the strong winds prevailing at the time, layers of deck sand were deposited, especially on the flanks of the Veluwe. Due to the presence of permafrost in the spring, meltwater from the snow could not easily infiltrate into the subsurface. As a result, the water started to flow over the surface and meltwater valleys were formed by erosion. The valleys that were created are now dry (dry valleys), in the coarse sands of the moraines the water sinks directly.
When the climate became warmer (in the Holocene, from about 10,000 years ago, the Veluwe became partly forested, but due to climate changes (drought in the 10th century and increased storm activity in the 12th century) and/or human activities (overgrazing, taping of heaths, logging and regional drainage), local drifting sands have arisen. From about 1850, coniferous trees were planted by the government to capture the shifting sands and for wood production.

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